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"High Church Lutheranism" is the name given in Europe for the 20th century Lutheran movement that emphasizes worship practices and doctrines that are similar to those found within both Roman Catholicism and the Anglo-Catholic wing of Anglicanism. In the more general usage of the term it describes the general High Church characteristics of Lutheranism in the Nordic countries such as Sweden, Finland and the Baltics. The mentioned countries, once a part of the Swedish Empire, have more markedly preserved Catholic traditions and introduced far less Reformed (that is, Calvinistic or Zwinglian) theology. ==Background== The terms High Church and Low Church do not originally belong to the Lutheran tradition; historically, these have been applied to particular liturgical and theological groups within Anglicanism. The theological differences within Lutheranism have not been nearly so marked as those within the Anglican Communion; Lutherans have historically been unified in the doctrine expressed in the Book of Concord. However, quite early in Lutheranism, polarities began to develop owing to the influence of the Reformed tradition, leading to so-called "Crypto-Calvinism". The Pietist movement in the 17th century also moved the Lutheran church further in a direction that would be considered "low church" by Anglican standards. Pietism and rationalism led not only to the simplification or even elimination of certain ceremonial elements,〔(Rudolf Rocholl: Gesch. d. ev. Kirche in Deutschland, s. 300 )〕 such as the use of vestments,〔 (The Proper Communion Vestments ) by P. Severinsen〕 but also to less frequent celebration of the Eucharist, by the end of the era of Lutheran Orthodoxy. There has been very little iconoclasm in Lutheran churches and church buildings have often remained richly furnished. Also some monasteries continued as Lutheran after Reformation. Loccum Abbey and Amelungsborn Abbey in Germany have the longest traditions as Lutheran monasteries. In old church orders, however there was much variation which could now be described as "high church" or "low church". One example of the more Catholic ones is the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571. ''Agenda'' of the church order of Margraviate of Brandenburg (1540) contained unusually rich provision for ceremonial usages.〔Frank Senn: Christian Liturgy: Catholic and Evangelical, Fortress Press, 1997. p. 334. ISBN 0-8006-2726-1〕 This legacy of Brandenburgian Lutheranism has later been visible in Old Lutherans' resistance to compromise in the doctrine of Real Presence. Other church orders following closely to pre-Reformation rites and ceremonies were Palatinate-Neuburg (1543, retaining a eucharistic prayer〔(Lutheran Liturgies from Martin Luther to Wilhelm Löhe ) by Vernon P. Kleinig, Concordia Theological Quarterly, April 1998〕) and Austria (1571, prepared by David Chytraeus).〔Frank Senn: Christian Liturgy: Catholic and Evangelical, Fortress Press, 1997. p. 331. ISBN 0-8006-2726-1〕 An interesting fact is that William Augustus Mühlenberg, father of the Ritualist movement in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, was originally Lutheran and came from a Lutheran family.〔(Mühlenberg, William Augustus ) - Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge〕 In Europe, after long influence of Pietism, theological rationalism and finally 19th century German Neo-Protestantism, there was developed a ground for 20th century High Church or Evangelical Catholic Movement. the terms "High Church" (Evangelical Catholic) and "Low Church" (Confessing Evangelical) began to be used to describe differences within the Lutheran tradition. However, this terminology is not characteristic of a Lutheran's identity as it often the case for an Anglican.〔(Evangelical Catholics and Confessional Evangelicals: The Ecumenical Polarities of Lutheranism ) by Gene Edward Veith 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「High Church Lutheranism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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